何謂「責任保險」？

(１)不論是個人或企業團體，都有可能因為自身或是受僱人（員工）的過失行為，導致第三人有身體傷害、財物毀損或金錢損失，而必須對受害第三人負賠償責任。例如：駕駛不慎撞傷路人或撞損他車、飯店因為管理不當發生火災，使旅客受傷、或產品製造商因為產品設計錯誤而有瑕疵，使消費者受傷等等。這種過失行為而導致第三人的損害，都需由行為人（即加害人）對受害人負損害賠償責任。而這種對第三人可能發生的損害賠償責任風險，即是一般所稱的「責任風險」。

(２)「責任保險」即是承保個人或企業團體（被保險人）的「責任風險」，通常來自於契約責任及侵權行為責任。所謂「契約責任」是指當事人之一方不履行契約義務或不照契約履行對他方所負之責任而產生對他人應負之賠償責任。而侵權行為責任則指因故意或過失，不法侵害他人權利或利益而產生對他人應負之損害賠償責任。責任保險主要以保障因侵權行為所致之民事賠償責任為主。因此責任保險通常必須由符合以下三個要件：

（A）因故意或過失。
（B）依法應負賠償責任。
（C）受賠償請求。



(３)保險公司配合個人或企業團體所面臨的各種責任風險，而設計開辦各種不同的責任保險。例如：汽車第三人責任保險、公共意外責任保險、產品責任保險等等。而個人或企業團體常投保的責任保險有以下幾項：

《個人或企業團體常投保的責任保險》

(４)在此特別一提的是，強制汽車責任保險及旅行業責任保險這兩個險種的特色，有別於一般的責任保險保單，其性質均屬於政策性保險。強制汽車責任保險是政府為保障汽車交通事故之受害者為能迅速獲得基本保障，並為維護道路交通安全，採單獨立法、公辦民營方式，委託產物保險業者經營；其特色是採限額無過失責任制。換言之，是以受害人因汽車交通事故而遭受身體傷害這一事實為限額賠償基礎，既不追究加害人之過失，亦不問被害人對事故發生是否亦有可歸責性，此制度之目的在對受害者能迅速獲得基本救濟。強制汽車責任保險的給付項目及金額為傷害醫療給付新台幣二十萬元，殘廢給付最高新台幣一百六十萬元，死亡給付新台幣一百六十萬元，每一事故給付人數無上限，每人最高給付新台幣一百八十萬元（先傷後殘廢或死亡）。超過的求償金額就必須以任意之責任險來承擔，這部分就必須是因故意或過失之法定責任才會理賠。

(５)此外，旅行業責任保險於其承保範圍即表明係承保被保險人於保險契約有效期間內所安排或接待之旅遊期間內，因發生意外事故致旅遊團員身體受有傷害或殘廢或因而死亡，依照發展觀光條例及旅行業管理規則之規定，應由被保險人負賠償責任而受賠償請求時，對被保險人負賠償責任。亦有無過失限額責任之特色。有助於受害者之求償。目前旅行業責任保險的保險金額為新台幣二百萬元。超過新台幣二百萬元的部分，也是必須法定責任才會理賠。

Source: http://frm.ib.gov.tw/files/15-1003-749,c193-1.php

From Benefits of Polymer Tantalum Capacitors | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_5936216_benefits-polymer-tantalum-capacitors.html#ixzz1sTw5OcYi

Benefits of Polymer Tantalum Capacitors

By Manny Frishberg, eHow Contributor

Capacitors, also known as condensers, are electrical devices that, something like batteries, can be charged to store electricity and release it (discharge) when it is needed. The most important difference is that the charging and discharging of a capacitor is much faster than with a battery. A simple capacitor is made from two metal plates (or plates made of another electrically conductive material), separated by a non-conducting--or insulating--material called the dielectric, in this instance, the precious metal tantalum.

1. Tantalum Capacitors

   • How much electricity a capacitor can store (its capacitance) can be increased by making the conductive plates larger, building them closer together or by using a different dielectric. Tantalum is used because the metal forms an oxide layer on its surface which acts acting as the dielectric. Tiny tantalum capacitors are used in computers to even out power spikes that can damage the infinitesimal circuits on a chip.

   Size, Life and Reliability

   • Tantalum capacitors are particularly desirable because they can store a great deal of electricity for their size and weight, so the capacitors can be smaller--an advantage that mobile phone makers have taken advantage of to produce smaller and smaller cell phones. They are used especially where saving space is a priority and when long life and reliability are at a premium.

   Polymers Vs. MnO2

   • "Polymer" is a chemical term for large molecules that are made by creating chains of a small molecule. Proteins and starches are examples of natural polymers and plastics are man-made polymer materials. In the past, tantalum capacitors had two main weaknesses. Both of them were a byproduct of using magnesium dioxide (MnO2) as the cathode--the second plate, so to speak.

     Because the MnO2 contains a lot of oxygen and magnesium is a flammable metal, under some circumstances, when the capacitor failed they had a tendency to ignite. Replacing the MnO2 with an electrically conductive polymer solves that problem.

     The other drawback was that the tantalum-MnO2 capacitors had a higher "electrical resistance" than capacitors made with other dielectrics. By using a polymer for the cathode instead, engineers have been able to reduce the resistance inherent in the devices, as well, making them a better alternative. In fact, the conductive polymer developed as an alternative in the 1990s is 1,000 times more conductive than MnO2.